Urban heat islands (UHIs) are expanding through cities that are increasing quickly, making thermal stress, energy demand, and health inequities worse. It is now possible to measure the links between land use, built-up intensity, vegetation, and land surface temperature (LST) across long periods of time and huge areas using remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) [1][2]. Recent research from Asia and Eastern Europe demonstrates that fast urbanisation, vegetation depletion, and the expansion of impermeable surfaces have directly
exacerbated urban heat island (UHI) impacts and undermined thermal conditions in urban environments [3][4][5][6]. There isn’t a lot of study on UHI in Africa yet, but the methodology and results from these studies are already helpful for African urban planners and surveyors who work on land-use mapping, development control, and infrastructure design [3, 4, 7, 2